No BCE, estamos a investigar como podemos ser eficazes no combate às alterações climáticas. Trabalhamos no sentido de identificar os riscos que as alterações climáticas podem representar para a economia e o sistema financeiro. As alterações climáticas podem afetar a economia em resultado dos fenómenos meteorológicos extremos e das incertezas relacionadas com a transição para uma economia hipocarbónica.
“No reexame da nossa estratégia, determinaremos em que domínios e de que forma a questão das alterações climáticas e o combate às mesmas podem ter impacto nas nossas políticas.”
Christine Lagarde, presidente do BCE
O pessoal do BCE assegura que as alterações climáticas são tidas em conta nos modelos macroeconómicos do BCE, nos seus métodos de previsão e nas avaliações do risco.
As autoridades de supervisão interagem com os bancos no sentido de os sensibilizar para os riscos associados às alterações climáticas. O objetivo é assegurar que os bancos dispõem de capacidade para gerir adequadamente esses riscos.
No contexto dos programas do BCE de compra de ativos, investimos em obrigações verdes, tendo em conta a necessidade de evitar distorções do mercado.
Os especialistas em estabilidade financeira medem e avaliam os riscos que as alterações climáticas representam para o sistema financeiro. Os resultados são comunicados ao público, aos participantes no mercado e aos decisores de políticas.
O BCE integra a Rede para a Ecologização do Sistema Financeiro (Network for Greening the Financial System – NGFS), um grupo de bancos centrais e autoridades de supervisão financeira dos cinco continentes que visa identificar formas de apoiar uma transição harmoniosa para uma economia hipocarbónica.
Estamos continuamente a trabalhar no sentido de reduzir a pegada ecológica do BCE. Se tiver interesse em saber o que alcançámos até agora, consulte a nossa página sobre proteção ambiental.
O BCE participa regularmente neste evento. Os membros do pessoal são encorajados a deslocarem-se para o trabalho da forma mais ecológica possível.
O BCE participa na iniciativa “Earth Hour” (referida em português como “Hora da Terra” ou “Hora do Planeta”) desde 2012. Desligando as luzes do nosso edifício principal, procuramos sensibilizar os cidadãos para as alterações climáticas.
Abstract
G10 : Financial Economics→General Financial Markets→General
O4 : Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth→Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity
Q5 : Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics, Environmental and Ecological Economics→Environmental Economics
This article provides evidence that economies receiving more funding from stock markets than credit markets generate fewer carbon emissions. Increasing the equity financing share to one-half globally would reduce aggregate per capita emissions by about one-quarter of the Paris Agreement commitment. Our findings call for supporting equity-based initiatives rather than policies aimed at decarbonising the European economy through the banking sector.
Abstract
G10 : Financial Economics→General Financial Markets→General
O4 : Economic Development, Technological Change, and Growth→Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity
Q5 : Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics, Environmental and Ecological Economics→Environmental Economics
We study the relation between the structure of financial systems and carbon emissions in a large panel of countries and industries over the period 1990-2013. We find that for given levels of economic and financial development and environmental regulation, CO2 emissions per capita are lower in economies that are relatively more equity-funded. Industry-level analysis reveals two distinct channels. First, stock markets reallocate investment towards less polluting sectors. Second, they also push carbon-intensive sectors to develop and implement greener technologies. In line with this second effect, we show that carbon-intensive sectors produce more green patents as stock markets deepen. We also document an increase in carbon emissions associated with the production of imported goods equal to around one-tenth of the reduction in domestic carbon emissions.
Abstract
G01 : Financial Economics→General→Financial Crises
G18 : Financial Economics→General Financial Markets→Government Policy and Regulation
G20 : Financial Economics→Financial Institutions and Services→General
Q54 : Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics, Environmental and Ecological Economics→Environmental Economics→Climate, Natural Disasters, Global Warming
This special feature discusses the channels through which climate change can affect financial stability and illustrates the exposure of euro area financial institutions to risks from climate change with the help of granular data. Notwithstanding currently limited data availability, the analysis shows that climate change-related risks have the potential to become systemic for the euro area, in particular if markets are not pricing the risks correctly. A deeper understanding of the relevance of climate change-related risks for the euro area financial system at large is therefore needed. Better data availability and comparability and the development of a forward-looking framework for risk assessments are important aspects of this work going forward.
Abstract
D90 : Microeconomics→Intertemporal Choice→General
Q56 : Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics, Environmental and Ecological Economics→Environmental Economics→Environment and Development, Environment and Trade, Sustainability, Environmental Accounts and Accounting, Environmental Equity, Population Growth
G20 : Financial Economics→Financial Institutions and Services→General
Q54 : Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics, Environmental and Ecological Economics→Environmental Economics→Climate, Natural Disasters, Global Warming
We derive the Green Golden Rule (GGR) in the Habit Formation (HF) and Anticipation of Future Consumption (AFC) frameworks. Since consumption is the key variable of GGR, time non-separabilities in preferences over consumption streams, given by the AFC and HF, may have important impacts on the environment and sustainability. We demonstrate that agents who smooth their consumption patterns, according to the HF hypothesis, are more likely to preserve the environment than those who anticipate future consumption or who do not so smooth consumption.
Abstract
D90 : Microeconomics→Intertemporal Choice→General
Q56 : Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics, Environmental and Ecological Economics→Environmental Economics→Environment and Development, Environment and Trade, Sustainability, Environmental Accounts and Accounting, Environmental Equity, Population Growth
G20 : Financial Economics→Financial Institutions and Services→General
Q54 : Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics, Environmental and Ecological Economics→Environmental Economics→Climate, Natural Disasters, Global Warming
We derive the Green Golden Rule (GGR) in the Habit Formation (HF) and Anticipation of Future Consumption (AFC) frameworks. Since consumption is the key variable of GGR, time non-separabilities in preferences over consumption streams, given by the AFC and HF, may have important impacts on the environment and sustainability. We demonstrate that agents who smooth their consumption patterns, according to the HF hypothesis, are more likely to preserve the environment than those who anticipate future consumption or who do not so smooth consumption.
Abstract
E31 : Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics→Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles→Price Level, Inflation, Deflation
Q54 : Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics, Environmental and Ecological Economics→Environmental Economics→Climate, Natural Disasters, Global Warming
G20
This paper studies how disasters aff ect consumer price inflation, one of the main remaining gaps in our understanding of the impact of disasters. There is a marked heterogeneity in the impact between advanced economies, where the impact is negligible, and developing economies, where the impact can last for several years. There are also di fferences in the impact by type of disasters, particularly when considering inflation sub-indices. Storms in- crease food price inflation in the near term, although the eff ect dissipates within a year. Floods also typically have a short-run impact on inflation. Earthquakes reduce CPI inflation excluding food, housing and energy.